Vacuum Gauges: Vacuum gauges are instruments for giving a visual indication, by means of a pointer, of the amount by which the pressure of a fluid applied to the gauge is less than the pressure of the surrounding atmosphere. Two examples of vacuum gauges are the McLeod gauge and the Pirani gauge. McLeod gauge: The …
What is Cavitation – Precautions against Cavitation, Effects of Cavitation What is Cavitation? Cavitation is defined as the phenomenon of formation of vapour bubbles of a flowing liquid in a region, where the pressure of the liquid falls below its vapour pressure and the sudden collapsing of these vapour bubbles in a region of higher …
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OHM’S LAW: One of the most important electrical characteristics of a solid material is the ease Ohm’s law with which it transmits an electric current. Ohm’s law relates the current I—or time rate of charge passage—to the applied voltage V as follows: V = IR. Ohm’s law expression: where R is the resistance of the …
Element Symbol, Atomic Number and Electron Configuration. Hydrogen———— H —–1 1s1 Helium————— He—– 2 1s2 Lithium————– Li —–3 1s22s1 Beryllium———– Be—– 4 1s22s2 Boron——————B ——-5 1s22s22p1 Carbon————— C——- 6 1s22s22p2 Nitrogen———— N——- 7 1s22s22p3 Oxygen————- O ——-8 1s22s22p4 Fluorine———– F———- 9 1s22s22p5 Neon—————- Ne——– 10 1s22s22p6 Sodium———— Na——— 11 1s22s22p63s1 Magnesium—– Mg ——–12 1s22s22p63s2 Aluminum——– …
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Thermal Expansion: When heat is applied to most materials, expansionoccurs in all directions. Conversely, if heat energy is removed from a material (i.e. the material is cooled) contraction occurs in all directions. The effects of expansion and contraction each depend on the change of temperature of the material. Thermal expansion and contraction are very important …
Archimedes’ principal: Archimedes’ principle states thatIf a solid body floats, or is submerged, in a liquid, the liquid exerts an upthrust on the body equal to the gravitational force on the liquid displaced by the body. In other words, if a solid body is immersed in a liquid, the apparent loss of weight is equal …
Equation of Continuity: The calibrations of many of the flowmeters described earlier are based on the equation of continuity and Bernoulli’s equation. The equation of continuity states that for the steady flow of a fluid through a pipe of varying cross-section the rate of mass entering the pipe must be equal to the rate of …
Boyle’s law: Boyle’s law states that the volume V of a fixed mass of gas is inversely proportional to its absolute pressure p at constant temperature i.e. p ∝ 1/V or p = k/V or pV = k at constant temperature, where p = absolute pressure in pascals (Pa), V = volume in m3, and …
Charles Law: Charles Law states that for a given mass of gas at constant pressure, the volume V is directly proportional to its thermo-dynamic temperature T i.e. V ∝ T or V = kT or V/T = k at constant pressure, where T = thermodynamic temperature in Kelvin (K). A process that takes place at …
Power and its units: Power is a measure of the rate at which work is done or at which energy is converted from one form to an- other. Power P = energy usedt/taken or P = work donetime taken The unit of power is the watt, W, where 1 watt is equal to 1 joule …