Thermo Dynamics

Normal Temperature and Pressure and Standard Temperature and Pressure

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What is Normal Temperature and Pressure? Normal Temperature and Pressure (often abbreviated as NTP) are standard reference conditions used in various scientific and engineering contexts. The values for Normal Temperature and Pressure are typically defined as follows: When these values are combined, you get the standard conditions known as Normal Temperature and Pressure (NTP): NTP:T=0°C(273.15K),P=1atm(101.325kPa) …

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Constant pressure (Cp) Vs Constant Volume (Cv) – Mechanicaleducation.com

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What is Specific Heat at Constant pressure? Specific heat at constant pressure (Cp​) is a thermodynamic property that represents the amount of heat energy needed to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one degree Celsius (∘C) or one Kelvin (K), while keeping the pressure constant. Mathematically, it is expressed as: …

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Boyle’s Law: Definition, Statement, Expression, Applications & Examples

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What is Boyle’s Law? Boyle’s Law is a fundamental principle in physics and thermodynamics that describes the relationship between the pressure and volume of a gas at constant temperature. This law is named after the Irish scientist Robert Boyle, who first stated it in 1662. Boyle’s Law Statement: “At constant temperature, the volume of a …

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Charle’s Law: Definition, Formula Derivation, Applications & Examples

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What Is Charle’s Law? Charles’s Law, also known as the law of volumes, is a gas law that describes how gases tend to expand when heated. It states that, at constant pressure, the volume of a given mass of gas is directly proportional to its absolute temperature. Mathematically, Charles’s Law is expressed as: Charle’s Law …

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Avogadro’s Law: Definition, Key Points, Limitations, Examples

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What is Avogadro’s Law? Avogadro’s Law is a fundamental principle in chemistry that describes the relationship between the volume and amount (number of moles) of a gas at constant temperature and pressure. This law is named after Amedeo Avogadro, an Italian scientist who first proposed it in the early 19th century. The law can be …

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Joule’s Law: Definition, Mathematical Expression, Applications

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What is Joule’s Law? Joule’s Law refers to different principles in different scientific contexts, so I’ll address the two main areas where this term is commonly used: It’s important to note that the term “Joule’s Law” is used in different contexts, and the specific meaning may vary depending on whether it is applied to electrical …

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Perfect Gas: Definition, Laws, Properties, Characteristics

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What is Perfect Gas? A perfect gas, also referred to as an ideal gas, is a hypothetical concept in physics and thermodynamics used to model the behavior of gases under certain conditions. The ideal gas model provides a simplified and convenient approach to understanding the thermodynamic properties of gases in various processes. The key characteristics …

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Steady Flow Energy Equation: Definition, Equation, Principle & Examples

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Steady Flow Energy Equation The Steady Flow Energy Equation (SFEE) is a fundamental equation in fluid mechanics and thermodynamics used to analyze the energy changes within a fluid as it undergoes a steady flow process. It is commonly applied to devices such as turbines, pumps, compressors, and nozzles. The equation is derived from the First …

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Clausius Statement,key elements,proofs, examples, history and applications

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Explain Clausius Statement The Clausius Statement is one of the formulations of the second law of thermodynamics, providing insights into the directionality of heat transfer in natural processes. This statement is named after the German physicist Rudolf Clausius, who played a significant role in developing the foundations of thermodynamics. The Clausius Statement can be succinctly …

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Kelving-Planck Statement

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What is Kelving-Planck Statement The Kelvin-Planck statement is one of the formulations of the second law of thermodynamics and is named after Lord Kelvin and Max Planck, who independently contributed to its development. The statement is specifically associated with the limitations of heat engines. The Kelvin-Planck statement can be expressed as follows: No heat engine …

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